Linda's Literary Home

Tag: legend

  • Original Short Story: “Falling Grace”

    Image:  Silhouette – Couple 

    Falling Grace

    Grace Jackson began her freshman year at Ball State Teachers College with hopes of becoming an English teacher like her favorite high school teacher Mrs. Daisy Slone, an avid Shakespeare fan and scholar.

    Grace Goes to College

    In the Hoosier heartland of America, where cornfields stretch like the dreams of the early American settlers, stood Ball State Teachers College (later renamed Ball State University), a bastion of teacher education.

    There among the ten-thousand or so students and armies of administrators came Grace Jackson, a freshman with eyes like the last autumn leaves—vibrant yet tinged with the inevitability of fall.

    Grace was majoring in English, where in a world woven from words, each sentence threaded itself  into the tapestry of her young life.  She had brought her treasure trove of books in one suitcase, and her clothes in much smaller one.  She had marveled at all the gear other students had carted into the dorms.

    Her days were spent plumbing the nuances of Shakespeare and the Romantic tropes of Wordsworth, but her heart and hormones were captivated by a different history, one not bound by books but by the circling rhythm of a forbidden dance.

    A Professor’s Gaze

    Professor Ed Stewart, her professor in general studies American history, possessed eyes that seemed to have witnessed centuries, even as they betrayed the youth of a young scholar, for he was less than a decade older than Grace.  In class, he held her gaze, thrilling to smiles this young co-ed flashed his way.

    Those lectures became a prelude to the symphony of secrets they would share.  They soon began to meet outside of class; at first, she just needed some advice about extra reading.  Then they met just to talk and walk and finally . . .

    For Grace, their affair became a clandestine sonnet, whispered in the shadows of the old library, where the dust of ancient texts seemed to conspire in silence. Here, time felt suspended, each stolen moment of hand-holding, passionate kissing, and sweet talk—all a defiance against the ticking clock of morality.

    The sad fact was that Professor Stewart was a married man with two young daughters, but that marriage had long soured, and he felt unhappily tethered to a life with Darlene, whose laughter had once been the melody of his days, now the echo of a song he no longer sang. 

    Darlene had become a born-again Christian in a very strict denomination called Hard Shell Baptist, and Ed chafed under her constant nagging that he attend church with her and the girls.  At ages 11 and 9, the daughters easily sided with the mother making Ed’s life a constant, bitter struggle with adversity

    Moonlight and Shadows

    One late evening, when the campus was fairly deserted, under the cloak of a moon that seemed to understand their forbidden desire, Ed led Grace to a secluded alcove in the shadows between the college library and the assembly hall.

    The air was lightly scented with the fragrance of burning leaves from the neighborhood surrounding the school, and the stars above whispered secrets only lovers could hear. Here, in this shadowed  hide-away, they sought solace that seemed to escape them in the cold light of day

    Ed took her hand and whispered, “Now, we are not separated.”  Ed’s touch was like the first pages of a cherished book, gentle yet eager to explore. His lips pressed against Grace’s, and she felt that her body would melt into his. 

    A rustling of clothing and their bodies sealed together in a passionate embrace.  Grace felt a stab of virginal pain but then dismissed it as her mind flew into the utter romance of consummation.

    Ed quietly spoke of a love that transcends the boundaries of their world. “We are but a footnote in history,” he whispered, his breath warm against her neck, “but let us write our own chapter tonight.” And he took her body again in a passionate rush

    Their bodies, entwined like the ivy around the old stone walls, continued to pump with the rhythm of a salacious sonnet. This love scene, hidden from the prying eyes of the world, was their rebellion.  They rationalized that it was their silent scream against the life they could not openly claim.

    Grace’s Fall

    Fall turned to winter, and with the first frost, Grace’s heart and mind hardened. She saw Darlene not as a person but as an obstacle, a leaf that refused to fall, clinging to a tree that should now be hers.

    Grace etched her plan.  She would feign the need for help with a project, one that she knew was dear to Darlene’s heart, Campus Kids of Christ. 

    On a Monday night, under a moon that seemed to mourn, Grace visited the Stewart’s modest home, while the professor and the girls were away. The plan was simple, as sinister as the frost that nipped at the earth’s warmth.

    Darlene greeted her with a smile, unaware of the storm she harbored. Grace’s words were sweet, like poisoned honey, as she asked for help with a project, to raise money for the group CKC.

    In the quiet kitchen, where Darlene turned her back to pour tea, Grace’s hand, guided by a dark resolve, found the handle of the knife. The act was swift, a betrayal that whispered through the steam of the kettle, sealing fate as irrevocably as the first snow seals the ground.

    The Frame of an Innocent

    Grace stole out quickly into the night that seemed to swallow her like the silence after a gunshot, but in her wake, she planted seeds of deceit. She  decided to frame Lester Phillips, a fellow student, whose jealousy over grades made him a plausible suspect. The framing was meticulous, a work of dark art.

    First, Grace began to plant clues. She had seen Lester’s disdain for Professor Stewart in class, his bitter accusations of favoritism. She used this knowledge, planting a scarf with Lester’s initials near the crime scene. She had taken it from his locker one day, a small theft that would later become a noose around his neck.

    She then concocted a false alibi.  She made sure Lester was seen arguing with Darlene at a university event a week before the murder, their voices raised in the heat of academic rivalry. Grace whispered rumors, ensuring this altercation was remembered.

    Grace then borrowed several sheets of paper from Lester’s personalized stationery under the guise of needing to write a letter to her mother, and she hadn’t had time to go to the bookstore to purchase her own writing paper. 

    On Lester’s stationery, she composed and then sent a letter to Darlene; the missive was filled with veiled threats and anger, suggesting a buildup of hostility.

    Then finally, in her own room, she left notes about Lester’s supposed obsession with Darlene, scribblings that hinted at an unhealthy fixation, all written in her hand but styled to mimic Lester’s handwriting, as she had done with his stationery.  She had practiced Lester’s handwriting style from a paper he left behind in class.

    Truth Will Not Hide

    Lester, with his loud protests and defensive demeanor, became the scapegoat, his life unraveling like a poorly knitted scarf in the hands of an unjust fate. But shadows, even those cast by the cunning, have a way of revealing their source.

    But the college, as a microcosm of the world, was not immune to whispers. The police, methodical in their search for truth, found discrepancies in Grace’s alibi, her motive buried but not deep enough. The poetry of her deception was undone by the prosaic truth of evidence. 

    Grace could never account satisfactorily for her visit to the Stewart home at the time of Darlene’s murder.  Too many roommates in her dorm all knew where she had gone that night.  And the blood on her coat and boots proved to be Darlene’s, not her own nose bleed that she had tried to claim.

    Sentencing Grace

    Grace’s trial was an intense spectacle, the courtroom a stage where her life was dissected with the precision of a scientist. The judge, an old man with eyes that had seen too many stories end badly, announced that the jury had found her guilty. 

    The judge sentenced her to death, a final act in a drama she had orchestrated but could not control.  In addition to the murder, her attempt to frame an innocent man swayed the judge and jury to impose the death penalty.

    In her cell, Grace awaited the end, her world now a stark contrast to the vibrant one she had envisioned. In her cell, there were no books, no metaphors to escape into, only the cold reality of bars and the echo of her own heartbeat. She wrote her last poem on the wall, words etched with the stub of a pencil, a confession and a lament:

    The gray cell and the black bars seem to pray
    As I pen my fate: My love has melted away
    From my heart.  His stubborn wife
    Clinging to my love brought death her way.
    She fell like a leaf under a cold, hard moon.
    She stole my innocence, so I die at noon.

    The imagery of her life became clear in these lines—her ambitious delusions, her faux love, her crime, all intertwined like the roots of an old oak, now exposed. The poetry that once colored her world was now her shroud, each word a reminder of the affection she sought and the darkness she embraced.

    As she continued to think of her former lover, she continued in a depraved solace knowing that although she would never cleave her body to his again, neither would Darlene, who was now nothing more than an object of hatred. 

    An insane, silent cry kept ringing through her brain that it was all Darlene’s fault that she was now facing death before reaching the age of twenty.

    On the day of her execution, the sky was as gray as the walls of her cell, the air heavy with the scent of rain, not unlike the day she first met Professor Stewart. As she walked her final steps, she looked up, perhaps seeking redemption or merely an end to the story she had written with blood instead of ink.

    The Legend

    The college moved on, its halls echoing with old legends, new stories, new lives, but in the old library, where their affair began, one could almost feel the ghost of Grace Jackson, her passion, her folly, her poetry. The leaves outside turned, year after year, a reminder of life’s cycle, of love’s complexity, and the tragic, tumultuous, terrifying power of desire.

    And Ed, left with the weight of his part in this tragedy, returned to his lectures, his words now haunted by the specter of what was once his heart’s desire, turned to pity by the very hands he once held. 

    He felt that he could not face his daughters after the shame he brought to the family, so when Darlene’s sister Natalie, who lived in Georgia, insisted on seeking custody of the girls, he readily bent to Natalie’s wishes and allowed his daughter to grow up without him.

    Thus, the tale of Grace Jackson and Professor Ed Stewart became part of the legend of this Indiana heartland college, a dark narrative woven into the fabric of its history, a cautionary tale of attraction, ambition, and the fatal missteps of those who dare to step outside of the boundaries of moral truth.

    Image:  Ball State Teachers College Library and Assembly Hall

  • Robert Frost’s  “And All We Call American”

    Image: Robert Frost –  robertfrost.org

    Robert Frost’s  “And All We Call American”

    The speaker in Robert Frost’s “And All We Call American” attempts to play down the Columbian heroic status by castigating the great explorer for not having the ability to predict the future.

    Introduction and Text of “And All We Call American”

    The speaker in Robert Frost’s poem “And All We Call American” attempts a retelling of the familiar story of Christopher Columbus. In so doing,  he questions the legendary heroism of the explorer.

    No one can deny that the miscalculation of landing on what is now the North American continent instead of the South Asian country of the exploration’s intent—India—opens itself to a certain level of scrutiny.

    But the ultimate consequence of the discovery greatly outweighs the unintended nature of the discovery.  The importance of the North American continent, particularly the United States of America, for the world remains undeniable.  Despite the current failure to appreciate these Western values, those values continue to uplift cultures from the dire straits of physical and moral poverty. 

    Frostian Curmudgeonry

    Even as he took on the reputation of a belovèd poet of nature and human feeling, Robert Frost remained a life-long contrarian and a specialized curmudgeon.  Thus instead of celebrating the Columbian legendary figure who opened up the Old World to a New World, he has his speaker concentrate of the limitations of the explorer.

    That Columbus was not capable of imagining what the United States of America, Canada, and Mexico would become is not a particularly egregious failure.  Excepting clairvoyants, no one else of the time period would have been able to predict any better.

    While Frost has attempted to produce a poem that is both historical and philosophical

    by having his speaker employ the Columbian expedition, the poem’s cranky bitterness ultimately says more about the speaker/poet himself than about the objective nature of the significance of the voyage of Christopher Columbus.

    And All We Call American

    Columbus may have worked the wind
    A new and better way to Ind
    And also proved the world a ball,
    But how about the wherewithal?
    Not just for scientific news
    Had the  queen backed him for a cruise.

    Remember he had made the test
    Finding the East by sailing West.
    But had he found it ? Here he was
    Without one trinket from Ormuz
    To save the  queen from family censure
    For her investment in his future.

    There had been something strangely wrong
    With every coast he tried along.
    He could imagine nothing barrener.
    The trouble was with him the mariner.
    He wasn’t off a mere degree;
    His reckoning was off a sea.

    And to intensify the drama
    Another mariner Da Gama
    Came just then sailing into port
    From the same general resort,
    But with the gold in hand to show for
    His claim it was another Ophir.

    Had but Columbus known enough
    He might have boldly made the bluff
    That better than Da Gama’s gold
    He had been given to behold
    The race’s future trial place,
    A fresh start for the human race.

    He might have fooled them in Madrid.
    I was deceived by what he did.
    If I had had my way when young
    I should have had Columbus sung
    As a god who had given us
    A more than Moses’ exodus.

    But all he did was spread the room
    Of our enacting out the doom
    Of being in each other’s way,
    And so put off the weary day
    When we would have to put our mind
    On how to crowd but still be kind.

    For these none too apparent gains
    He got no more than dungeon chains
    And such small posthumous renown
    (A country named for him, a town,
    A holiday) as where he is
    He may not recognize as his.

    They say his flagship’s unlaid ghost
    Still probes and dents our rocky coast
    With animus approaching hate,
    And for not turning out a strait
    He has cursed every river mouth
    From fifty north to fifty south.

    Some day our navy I predict
    Will take in tow this derelict
    And lock him through Culebra Cut,
    His eyes as good (or bad) as shut
    To all the modern works of man
    And all we call American.

    America is hard to see.
    Less partial witnesses than he
    In book on book have testified
    They could not see it from outside —
    Or inside either for that matter.
    We know the literary chatter.

    Columbus, as I say, will miss
    All he owes to the artifice
    Of tractor-plow and motor-drill.
    To naught but his own force of will
    Or at most some Andean quake
    Will he ascribe this lucky break.

    High purpose makes the hero rude:
    He will not stop for gratitude.
    But let him show his haughty stern
    To what was never his concern
    Except as it denied him way
    To fortune-hunting in Cathay.

    He will be starting pretty late.
    He’ll find that Asiatic state
    Is about tired of being looted
    While having its beliefs disputed.
    His can be no such easy raid
    As Cortez on the Aztecs made.

    Commentary on Robert Frost’s “And All We Call American”

    The speaker in Robert Frost’s “And All We Call American” attempts to play down the Columbian heroic status by castigating the great explorer for not having the ability to predict the future.

    First Stanza: Promise vs Problem

    Columbus may have worked the wind
    A new and better way to Ind
    And also proved the world a ball,
    But how about the wherewithal?
    Not just for scientific news
    Had the  queen backed him for a cruise.

    In the opening stanza, the speaker refers to the  Columbian legendary mission that confirmed the scientific theory that Earth was round and that one could end up in the East by sailing West. 

    The speaker then throws shade at the feat by implying that not enough loot had been procured from the journey:  after all, the  queen was not especially interested in confirming a scientific theory; she wanted gold, spices, and other goods that usually took an arduous overland journey to reach her part of the world.

    At this point, the speaker has introduced a conflict, placing bold discovery against material possession.  Because that conflict is inherent in nearly every worldly endeavor, to complain about it, or even point it out, is somewhat naïve.

    Second Stanza: Discovery vs Disappointment

    Remember he had made the test
    Finding the East by sailing West.
    But had he found it ? Here he was
    Without one trinket from Ormuz
    To save the  queen from family censure
    For her investment in his future.

    In the second stanza, the speaker spotlights Columbus’ achievement of sailing west to get to the East. He then poses a question:  what did the explorer really find?  But then he jarringly shifts to the material possessions that the  queen was expecting by claiming that the explorer brought back not even “one trinket from Ormuz.”  

    The Ormuz trinket becomes a symbol for the Eastern wealth that the  queen had been counting on.  The speaker implies that the  queen’s family would not be happy with her for backing such an unprofitable “investment.”  

    Third Stanza: Columbus’ Miscalculation

    There had been something strangely wrong
    With every coast he tried along.
    He could imagine nothing barrener.
    The trouble was with him the mariner.
    He wasn’t off a mere degree;
    His reckoning was off a sea.

    The speaker now shows clear disdain for Columbus for not recognizing that he had not landed in India.  The speaker imagines that the mariner searching the barren coasts for the Indian riches and not finding them simply remains perplexed.

    The speaker emphasizes the fact that Columbus not only managed to be off by a degree or so, but that he was off by a whole ocean.  The speaker seems to take glee in revealing such an error by such a brave man, who has in fact sailed over a whole ocean and has now discovered a heretofore unknown land.  Thus the speaker’s lack of empathy and imagination are revealed more than the fact that the a brave sea-farer had failed to reach India.

    Fourth Stanza: Da Gama’s Success

    And to intensify the drama
    Another mariner Da Gama
    Came just then sailing into port
    From the same general resort,
    But with the gold in hand to show for
    His claim it was another Ophir.

    The speaker now doubles down on his Columbian criticism.  While Columbus returned home without riches in tow, the explorer Vasco da Gama came home with gold from Africa.

    The speaker’s harsh tone furthers his grift against the brave Columbus.  By concentrating on material wealth, he is sure he has a good case for humiliating the failed Columbus by playing up the success of da Gama.

    But that comparison in hindsight levels the criticism to failure, for the voyage of Columbus is much more widely known than that of da Gama.  The importance of da Gama’s gold pales in comparison to the importance of the Columbian discovery of a whole New World.

    Fifth Stanza: The Absurdity of a Missed Bluff

    Had but Columbus known enough
    He might have boldly made the bluff
    That better than Da Gama’s gold
    He had been given to behold
    The race’s future trial place,
    A fresh start for the human race.

    The speaker now presents the ridiculous notion that if Columbus had been smart enough, if could have told the queen and any others dejected by lack of material riches that he had discovered a place where the future of humanity might reside.

    Such a notion is patently absurd.  The speaker is looking back about five centuries, castigating a man for not realizing that a place called the United States of America would provide a “fresh start for the human race.”  

    The line if “Columbus [had] known enough” demonstrates a level of ignorance that borders on the profane:  In any endeavor, it is not necessarily the amount of knowing that is important; it is the nature of the knowledge.  He is decrying Columbus for not being prescient, a seer, a clairvoyant.

    To cover the fact that he is calling for Columbus to predict the future, the speaker positions the notion that the mariner could have used a “bluff” to suggest the future importance of his discovery.  Such a notion remains petty and irresponsible and again shows more about the speaker/poet’s mind than it does the reality of history.

    Sixth Stanza: A Youthful Misreading of Columbus

    He might have fooled them in Madrid.
    I was deceived by what he did.
    If I had had my way when young
    I should have had Columbus sung
    As a god who had given us
    A more than Moses’ exodus

    The speaker now inserts a phony self-deprecation.  He admits that he once upon a time thought of Columbus as a hero, but now he recognizes that since Columbus was not able to predict the value of the New World he had discovered, then credit for his accomplishment of actually finding that New World should be withdrawn. 

    The speaker is attempting a bait and switch operation.  By claiming that Columbus could have “fooled them in Madrid” the speaker is again referring to the “bluff” suggested in the preceding stanza.

    But he then seems to be confessing to being deceived by the Columbus legend.  The issue is not however that the speaker/poet was deceived; it is that now the speaker wishes to denigrate an Italian-American hero, and he is reaching beyond reality to form the basis for that derogatory image.

    Seventh Stanza: Room and Doom

    But all he did was spread the room
    Of our enacting out the doom
    Of being in each other’s way,
    And so put off the weary day
    When we would have to put our mind
    On how to crowd but still be kind.

    The speaker now goes completely off the rails. Adding to Columbus’ inability to predict the future is the idea that even if he had bluffed his peers about the future of a New World, what he actually did was just give the world population more room to spread out and be mean.

    Such a suggestion implies that if people had just remained in the Europe, Africa, and other reaches of the known world, they could have worked on learning to kind to one another as they continued to live in a “crowd.”

    Again, such a suggestion is not only naïve, but it does not take into account that human nature remains the same whether humans are spread out or in a crowd.  There is/was no such phenomenon that learning to be “kind” was postponed by the discovery of a New World.  Did the folks who remained in Old World learn to be “kind”?

    According to this line of thinking, they should have.  But again the speaker has come up with a notion this is absurd, while exposing his real purpose of smearing 15th century explorer.

    Eighth Stanza: Columbus’ Rewards

    For these none too apparent gains
    He got no more than dungeon chains
    And such small posthumous renown
    (A country named for him, a town,
    A holiday) as where he is
    He may not recognize as his.

    The speaker’s gross depiction of Columbus having been thrown in prison and receiving little attention crosses into the obscene.  First, through instrumentality of the corrupt Francisco de Bobadilla, Columbus was sent back to Castile in “chains.” 

    But the Bobadilla’s abject lies about the explorer became immediately obvious, and Columbus was released and restored to his earlier prominence.  And the claim of “small posthumous renown”—places named for him—is mind-numbing.   

    There are over 6000 places in the United States alone named after the explorer.   Virtually every state in the USA has a town, city, park, or some landmark named after Christopher Columbus: some “small posthumous renown”!

    Ninth Stanza: The Restless Ghost of Discovery

    They say his flagship’s unlaid ghost
    Still probes and dents our rocky coast
    With animus approaching hate,
    And for not turning out a strait
    He has cursed every river mouth
    From fifty north to fifty south.

    In this stanza, the speaker concocts sheer fantasy that would make today’s Columbus bashers proud.  Every creative writer has the unleashed opportunity to foist onto historical figures their own proclivities.

    The lame narrative in this stanza is immediately revealed with the vague “They say.”  Who are they?  How reliable are they?  Well, “they” are the demons living in the imagination of the curmudgeon infested brain of the speaker/poet.

    Tenth Stanza: Modern Discovery

    Some day our navy I predict
    Will take in tow this derelict
    And lock him through Culebra Cut,
    His eyes as good (or bad) as shut
    To all the modern works of man
    And all we call American.

    Here the speaker is not really predicting anything.  He is merely setting up another pin to bowl down with his castigation of a fifteenth century man being unable to see into the future.

    That Columbus could not image what the United States would look like in the 20th century is hardly an earthshaking discovery.  But the speaker is no doubt self-congratulatory for implying that if Columbus has thought to sail through the Panama Canal he would have been on his way to discovering the real India.

    Eleventh Stanza:  Elusive America

    America is hard to see.
    Less partial witnesses than he
    In book on book have testified
    They could not see it from outside —
    Or inside either for that matter.
    We know the literary chatter.

    The speaker then takes a dramatic shift from beating up on Columbus to asserting the daft opinion that “America is hard to see.”  Besides the flabby language, signifying less than nothing, it makes a brainless claim.  

    Because anything that extends for miles beyond human vision would be “hard to see,” one might as well say a railroad, New York, or the ocean— each is hard to see.  But the speaker seems to be trying to say that America is not only a place but is also a political entity that continues in a mysterious vortex.  Thus the “literary chatter” suggests that “America” cannot be expressed clearly in words.

    Twelfth Stanza: Columbus’ View of America’s Advancement

    Columbus, as I say, will miss
    All he owes to the artifice
    Of tractor-plow and motor-drill.
    To naught but his own force of will
    Or at most some Andean quake
    Will he ascribe this lucky break.

    The speaker now makes a delusional claim that Columbus’ selfishness would blind him to the genuine causes of America’s development—that is, if the explorer were able to see America in its current iteration.

    The speaker has no idea how Columbus would view the advances in the modern technological influence of “tractor-plow and motor-drill.”  That he would impute such an attitude to the explorer is beyond damnable.

    Thirteenth Stanza:  A Speaker’s Obtuseness

    High purpose makes the hero rude:
    He will not stop for gratitude.
    But let him show his haughty stern
    To what was never his concern
    Except as it denied him way
    To fortune-hunting in Cathay.

    This stanza again is just another putrid display of a speaker whose own jealousy is out of control.  Criticizing a historian figure through the lens of an contemporary set of scruples just does not work in a piece of discourse purporting to be a poem.

    Fourteenth Stanza: The Futility of Defaming Hero

    He will be starting pretty late.
    He’ll find that Asiatic state
    Is about tired of being looted
    While having its beliefs disputed.
    His can be no such easy raid
    As Cortez on the Aztecs made.

    The final stanza serves as a monument to the failure of the speaker’s position so eloquently laid throughout this piece of drivel masquerading as a poem, for in this stanza the speaker is pretending to predict the future.

    The future finds the explorer reaching Asia only to be rebuffed and rebuked because the Asias are tired being “looted” and “disrupted.”  And lastly, Columbus will be humiliated that Cortez was so successful in conquering the Aztecs.

    The sheer fantasy falls apart immediately because no such voyage was ever made by Christopher Columbus; therefore, he could not have been rebuffed and rebuked by people tired of being “looted” and “disrupted.”  

    In classical rhetoric such a concoction is called a straw man, fashioned solely for the purpose of burning it down.  The speaker fancies an exploration that never existed simply to ridicule it for having failed. If an event is never begun, it cannot be considered to have failed, just as it cannot be deemed to have succeeded.

    Robert Frost’s Worse Poem

    Robert Frost’s “And All We Call American” is without a parallel; it is Frost’s absolute worst poem.  The only quality that keeps this piece from being an contemptible piece of doggerel is the fact that it was composed one of the world’s most noted and beloved poets.  Taking as his subject Christopher Columbus, Frost creates a speaker who reveals a deficiency of thought that seems remarkably reminiscent of adolescent self-absorption.  

    Instead of celebrating the remarkable discoveries of the great explorer, this speaker chooses to downplay achievement, offering in its place ignorant criticism that Columbus living in the fifteenth century was unable to know what would take place the 20th century.

    When a fine, reputable poet throws out a stinker like this one, the only reason for studying such a piece is to understand the complex inconsistency of the human brain.    If a student or novice poetry reader begins a study of Frost with this one, that individual has in store a shocking experience in discovering Frost’s later works such “The Road Not Taken,” “Birches,” “Bereft,” “The Gift Outright,” and “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.”

    Robert Frost – Commemorative Stamp